Always fun seeing LC3 pop up on HN. Well done!

I built http://littlecomputer3.com/ back in college.

This is awesome, thank you for sharing!

The inspiration [0] is written in C.

[0] https://justinmeiners.github.io/lc3-vm/

A semantic nitpick, this doesn't give you an understanding of how "computers" (by which I mean a modern PC, x86, lots of peripherals and microcontrollers and a CPU inside your CPU and etc.) work, but rather how a CPU works. You don't have to deal with the vagaries of USB *HCI (or the disgusting but simpler 8042 / "keyboard controller"), or the BIOS or UEFI, or interrupts, or storage, or display...

A BIOS is just code at the cold-boot memory location, there's no obvious reason to believe that isn't a simple extension to this project. Equally, the TRAP mechanism for I/O to terminal is not vastly different to the INT 21h mechanism, obviously much less powerful, but pretty similar to the emulation you might want to do to run DOS programs.

I don't think this is as far from a running model of an early 8- or 16-bit as you might be implying: of course emulating other hardware is more work, especially if you wanted eg graphical output or a network card or something, but the actual _interfacing_ with those components is not that difficult..

> A BIOS is just code at the cold-boot memory location

No, the BIOS (or UEFI) does quite a bit of system setup and provides quite a bit of system services. It's much more than "just code"; "just code" can do anything, a BIOS has to do many very specific things.

> Equally, the TRAP mechanism for I/O to terminal is not vastly different to the INT 21h mechanism

And what does that have to do with anything? What software uses an interrupt to display things?! LOL

INT 21h is for input, first off, nothing "to terminal". But second, that hasn't actually been usable in about 25+ years.

> I don't think this is as far from a running model of an early 8- or 16-bit as you might be implying

I don't think you understand just how complex computers have been for the past decades. The author's stated intention was to "better understand how computers work". This project did not teach him that; it taught him how CPUs work(ed). You can argue that it taught him how computers worked 3 decades ago all you want; that's not even slightly relevant.

Your definition of computer is overly narrow. This complaint is like saying, "your model railroad doesn't expose you to the details of running a real railroad". Of course it doesn't, but that's not the point and it doesn't mean there aren't things that can be learned about "real" railroads from modeling. There is a lot to learn about how computers work from building a virtual machine like this; models and abstractions exist because it's extremely difficult to learn everything all at once.

On top of that, thanks to stuff like FPGAs, such toy computers can be turned into real ones.

Perfect is the enemy from good.

Half way there is better that not starting at all.

Hope you get the point that not everyone has to learn all the way down to electron level to understand the main ideas behind computing.

When did I say it had to be perfect? All I said was that this is a CPU, not a computer. I even explicitly said that it was "a semantic nitpick".

I'm sorry that you are unable to read.

Huh? No, the author's definition of computer is overly narrow. A CPU is NOT a computer. The ONLY thing he built was a CPU. I'm not sure why that's difficult to understand.

Considering it as (virtual) keyboard input and screen output, it sure smells like a computer. I'm not sure why you have sand in your pants over this.

Where is the storage? Where is the chipset? Where is the Super IO? Where is the PCIe? Where is the USB? Where is the graphics driver (or VESA framebuffer)? Where is the network driver? Where is the ...

I'm not sure why you think I have "sand in my pants" over this. I made a comment stating that this was, at best, a CPU, not computer. And then a bunch of people who apparently don't even know how their computers work disagreed.

I'm not sure why you are unable to read over this.

> You don't have to deal with the vagaries of USB *HCI (or the disgusting but simpler 8042 / "keyboard controller"), or the BIOS or UEFI, or interrupts, or storage, or display...

Do you know any good resources for the other things?

Ben Eater has some interesting video series, including building a cpu from logic chips, building a 6502 computer on a breadboard, building a vga card, and details on usb, ps/2, ethernet, &c.

https://m.youtube.com/c/BenEater

Yeah, he's really great. I have been searching for more channels like his, but couldn't find anything sadly. Closest I found was nandland, but he's more focused on digital design.

A good resource is https://www.nand2tetris.org/, there is a book and two parts course on Coursera.

Thank you! I had this on my radar for quite a bit, just need to find the time haha.

https://wiki.osdev.org/Expanded_Main_Page and Ben Eater. LOL