I am not skeptical of type systems in general and TBH I've never worked on a large piece of software written in an untyped language (I often program in Clojure, but so far never a large system -- and yeah, I am skeptical about Clojure too even though I love it). But you're mistaken if you think I'm looking for quantitative studies; that's far too high a bar. I am looking for well-researched anecdotes, and there are plenty of them for type systems in general.

I am, however, very skeptical of the interpretation some people, especially in typed FP, give to types and the reasons they believe types provide a benefit. For example, the relationship between useful type systems and software correctness is not direct. I am currently using a formal verification tool that is completely logic based (and it has an interactive theorem prover, a model checker, and is backed by decades of careful mathematical analysis of its soundness) which is completely untyped, and yet it is as powerful as Coq for proving correctness of algorithms. If direct, formal, proofs of correctness is what you're after, types might not be the best solution. Types, however, have other clear benefits that are not related to formal correctness, or, at least, not correctness of global program properties.