Cappadocian Greek is Greek heavily mixed with Turkish, to the extent that is arguably better viewed as a distinct Hellenic language rather than just a nonstandard Greek dialect. However, around a century ago, most Greek speakers were expelled from Turkey and deported to Greece (and the same happened in reverse, most Turkish-speakers in Greece were deported to Turkey), including almost all Cappadocian-speakers - and they and their descendants largely switched to standard modern Greek - with the result that it was long believed that Cappadocian had died out in the 1960s, although more recently it has been discovered that there remain small populations of Cappadocians in rural Greece keeping the language alive.
Good find. But while that may serve as a workaround for scripts, it still doesn’t work for RSS Readers (the ones I tried), which makes sense because feeds can be JSON¹ too but these don‘t conform to that format either.
In physics we call a device that uses the compression and expansion of a fluid to move heat between parts of a system a heat pump.
An air conditioner uses a compressor to convert a refrigerant and sends the compressed fluid through a condenser. The condenser rejects heat from the system into the environment. This is the component of an air conditioner that is found outside. The compressed fluid is then passed through an expansion valve and into an evaporator where it is allowed to expand. Expansion is a process that requires heat. The heat flows into the expanding fluid from the environment inside the home. Air is blown across the evaporator coils to transfer heat energy from the home into the fluid which is then returned outside.
A heat pump is capable of reversing the flow of heat energy. The flow of fluid is reversed from an air-conditioner using something called a reversing valve. The compressor sends compressed fluid into the home where heat is rejected through the evaporator coil. The fluid then flows into the condenser coil and is allowed to expand outside, drawing in heat from the outside environment. The heated fluid is then returned to the compressor and the cycle continues.
In HVAC terminology an Air Conditioner is a one way physical heat pump and a heat pump is a bidirectional physical heat pump. Hopefully that helps clear it up a bit.
An A/C works almost identical to your refrigerator. Using a closed loop of refrigerant with specific thermal properties, it will remove heat from one side and emit heat from the other.
If you are able to run this system backwards, you could in theory swap which side is a heat sink (the cold side) and heat source (the hot side). While a traditional A/C cannot do this, heat pumps can electronically switch which side of the system is collecting the heat and which side is releasing it.
This is an improvement over resistive heating (think space heater) because we’re not pumping electricity into some filament that resists current flow and emits off heat due to the resistance. Instead, we are taking heat from inside and moving it out or taking heat from outside and moving it in.
Fun fact, a resistive heating device is a rare case of something being 100% electrically efficient in that all the energy it uses will be turned into heat, whereas heat normally is a byproduct of imperfect conductors, which everything is, and is therefore considered wasted energy in almost all other applications.
> Fun fact, a resistive heating device is a rare case of something being 100% electrically efficient in that all the energy it uses will be turned into heat
My understanding is that you get considerably more heating per watt-hour with a heat pump than with resistive heating, though. I get that it's not creating that heat but moving it, but still that seems like even more efficiency from the perspective of energy consumption per useful heat made available.
Well the word “efficient” always needs context. You have to define the goal first before you can define efficiency.
OP said electrical efficient so the goal is conversion of electricity to heat and it’s 100% efficient.
Even an electric heater compared to a propane heater is more electrically and energy efficient, but it’s not as storage-efficient (because fossil fuel gases have much higher energy density per volume AND weight than lithium batteries).
> OP said electrical efficient so the goal is conversion of electricity to heat and it’s 100% efficient.
I am not an engineer and I am only nitpicking to have fun, so don't engage me if it's not fun, but doesn't some of the energy go into degradation of the materials used to build the device?
Yes, but energy is not consumed by that process, it is only converted into heat. The degradation usually is a result of the heat produced. If we’re talking about mater to energy transitions, we need to start talking about special relativity.
I said 100% electrical efficiency because from the prongs of the plug, through the conductors in the appliance cord, the rheostat, all electrical connection and contact points, and of course the hearing element itself all will product heat as a consequence of electricity flowing through, and being resisted by, it’s various components.
It was pointed out that this does not mean “energy bill efficient” which is totally correct: this whole thing is a somewhat silly thought experiment to consider what it really means for something to be efficient.
The coefficient of performance of a heat pump isn't a measure of thermodynamic efficiency, because as you pointed out, a heat pump moves heat rather than creating it. That's why you get more heat per Watt-hour, because you aren't expending energy trying to make heat.
The closest analogy that I know of is in electrochemical processes where some of the energy input is allowed to take different forms. If you put in 85 units of electrical energy, 15 units of waste heat from a different process, and get 90 units worth of product, your process is 90% thermodynamically efficient, but has better than 100% electrical efficiency. In the case of a heat pump, measuring units of heat per Watt-hour is a bit like this in that some of the input energy (for the heat generation) has already been provided by a different process.
A heat pump is an A/C with a reversing valve; in A/C operation, the A/C cools the inside and heats the outside; in heating operation, the reversing valve is toggled and the system heats the inside and cools the outside.
It's kind of confusing terminology. I'll stick with how these terms are used by industry/laymen - heat pump also has a scientific definition that's more broad than how it's normally used.
There's a process called a "vapor compression cycle" which essentially works by moving energy from a cold area to a hot area (which makes the cold area colder and the hot area hotter).
Air conditioning is when you put the cold side of a vapor compression cycle in a building to keep it cool.
The term "heat pump" most typically refers to a device where the hot side of the vapor compression cycle is put in a building to keep it warm.
However, many heat pumps have an air conditioning mode, where the hot and cold sides of the vapor compression cycle switch places depending on the season. So air conditioner refers only to cooling, while heat pump may refer to heating along or a device which can both heat and cool.
* A/Cs are heat-pumps (when using the scientific definition of "heat-pump")
* Heat pumps, when referring to HVAC technology specifically, refer to systems that are essentially the same as A/C units, except they're designed to work in reverse.
* The term "heat pump" when used in Europe, more-often refers to geothermal heat-pumps ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump ) which is very different to an A/C-style heat-pump, though achieves similar end-result (livable indoor room air temperature).
As someone who spends a lot of time in the year in both North America and Europe I frequently come across people confusing the two.
Only if they used GPT 3.5, if they used GPT 4.0 is more like someone using their paid access to a subscription to a scientific journal to look up research papers for someone.
Not really - a scientific journal contains information of a high quality. The fact that money is involved here makes no difference. A better analogy would be using your paid subscription to a horoscope.
Are there really any other Hellenic languages besides Greek?